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As World AIDS Day is marked on Monday, the fight against the disease remains stymied by the lack of adequate treatment in poor countries and setbacks in finding an effective vaccine, experts say.

To be sure, there have been plenty of advances over the past two decades. While 33 million people have the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) virus that causes AIDS, more are enjoying healthier, longer lives thanks to powerful new medications.

Organisers of World AIDS Day — built around the themes of leadership, self-responsibility and activism — are calling on governments to follow through on promises of universal treatment, prevention, care and support.

“We have effective treatments. We have no other choice than to offer them to all those who need them,” said Jean-Francois Delfraissy, head of the French National Research Agency on AIDS and viral hepatitis (ANRS).

But affordable and effective treatment remains a rarity in Africa, home to the majority of HIV-positive people, making prospects of universal access to medication remote in the near future.

In poorer countries, the choice may eventually be between treating millions of HIV-positive patients, or offering more expensive treatment to some 500,000 people who are resistant to mainstream therapies, Delfraissy said.

Even in wealthier nations like France, where 5,200 new HIV-positive cases were registered last year, thousands of others remain unaware they are infected.

“Don’t let AIDS pick up speed!” urges the French association AIDES, which plans to install a huge counter on the Paris opera house showing the lag between new infections and treatment.

On Friday, the United Nations urged countries to focus on the roots of the epidemic and draw on a panoply of tried-and-tested tools to help HIV from spreading among people most at risk.

“There is no single magic bullet for HIV prevention,” said outgoing UNAIDS executive director Peter Piot.

Hopes for such a magic bullet were shattered last year, when scientists were forced to abandon two advanced clinical trials of an AIDS vaccine by pharmaceutical company Merck, after they appeared to actually heighten the risk of infection.

But AIDS research was given a boost in October when the 2008 Nobel Medicine Prize was bestowed to a pair of scientists who discovered HIV.

Researchers have also discovered new molecules and have launched tests on new triple treatments that have proved effective for patients no longer responding to other therapies.

Meanwhile, research on finding an effective AIDS shot continues. US scientists recently discovered a gene that may pave the way for a vaccine.

Delfraissy, of ANRS, also predicts a revival in basic research to find molecules capable of attacking the virus at a stage where it has not yet been detected.

Scientists are also interested in the cases of some HIV-positive people who never develop full-blown AIDS.

“We have an impressive arsenal,” said Father Pierre-Marie Girard, who heads the infectious disease unit for the Saint Antoine Hospital in Paris.

One mark of success, he said, is those with HIV today talk of living and aging well with the virus — with hopes of enjoying the same lifespan as those without.

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The Berlin International Film Festival or “Berlinale” was launched in 1951 after World War II to bring Berlin back to its glory during the twenties before World War I and World War II. The Berlinale marked its first launch as it opened up by the screening of Alfred Hitchcock’s “Rebecca.”

The festival is held each February and has been held on that month since 1951. They have the most visitors worldwide along with a jury that emphasizes on representing films around the world. As the Venice Film Festival awards Gold and Silver Lions, the Berlin International Film Festival awards both Golden and Silver Bears.

Their designated location is at the Berlinale Palast which is at Marline-Dietrich-Platz 1. The 58th BIFF was held from February 7th-17th of 2007. The committee for the BIFF would meet on October 9, 1950 which would be their first meeting.

The idea was initiated by Oscar Martay, an American Film Officer. Martay, British colleague George Turner, two representatives of the Berlin Senate Administration, four represenatives of the Germany film industry, and a journalist make up the committee. The name of “Berlin International Film Festival” is agreed on and the dates of June 6th-17th of 1951 are also agreed upon.

Dr. Alfred Bauer a film historian is appointed the festival director. Joan Fontaine who starred in “Rebecca” is the celebrated star guest of the festival. The first BIFF was a complete success as the festival was sold-out.

The Berlin Bears were awarded to the categories of dramatic film, comedies, crime and adventure films, musical films, and documentary films. The jury was made up of exclusively German members. Disney’s “Cinderella” was elected as a favorite by the jury. Due to pressure from the Federation Internationale des Associations des Producteurs de Films, prizes will chosen by the audience.

Much of the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine derives from the same philosophy that informs Taoist and Buddhist thought, and reflects the classical Chinese belief that the life and activity of individual human beings have an intimate relationship with the environment on all levels.[1]
In legend, as a result of a dialogue with his minister Qibo , the Yellow Emperor (2698 – 2596 BCE) is supposed by Chinese tradition to have composed his Neijing: Suwen or Inner Canon: Basic Questions . The book Huangdi Neijing , Yellow Emperor’s Inner Canon’s title is often mistranslated as Yellow Emperor’s Classic of Internal Medicine. Modern scholarly opinion holds that the extant text of this title was compiled by an anonymous scholar no earlier than the Han dynasty, just over two-thousand years ago. Another Chinese index book of herbs is Bencao Gangmu by Li Shizhen.
During the Han Dynasty (202 BC –220 AD), Zhang Zhongjing , the Hippocrates of China, who was mayor of Chang-sha toward the end of the 2nd century AD, wrote a Treatise on Cold Damage, which contains the earliest known reference to Neijing Suwen. Another prominent Eastern Han physician was Hua Tuo (c. 140 – c. 208 AD), who anesthetized patients during surgery with a formula of wine and powdered marijuana. Hua’s physical, surgical, and herbal treatments were also used to cure headaches, dizziness, internal worms, fevers, coughing, blocked throat, and even a diagnosis for one lady that she had a dead fetus within her that needed to be taken out. The Jin dynasty practitioner and advocate of acupuncture and moxibustion, Huang-fu Mi (215 – 282 AD), also quoted the Yellow Emperor in his Jia Yi Jing , ca. 265 AD. During the Tang dynasty, Wang Bing claimed to have located a copy of the originals of the Neijing Suwen, which he expanded and edited substantially. This work was revisited by an imperial commission during the 11th century AD.
There were noted advances in Chinese medicine during the Middle Ages. Emperor Gaozong (r. 649–683) of the Tang Dynasty (618–907) commissioned the scholarly compilation of a materia medica in 657 that documented 833 medicinal substances taken from stones, minerals, metals, plants, herbs, animals, vegetables, fruits, and cereal crops.[2] In his Bencao Tujing (‘Illustrated Pharmacopoeia’), the scholar-official Su Song (1020–1101) not only systematically categorized herbs and minerals according to their pharmaceutical uses, but he also took an interest in zoology.[3][4][5][6] For example, Su made systematic descriptions of animal species and the environmental regions they could be found, such as the freshwater crab Eriocher sinensis found in the Huai River running through Anhui, in waterways near the capital city, as well as reservoirs and marshes of Hebei.[7]
TCM of the last few centuries is seen by at least some sinologists as part of the evolution of a culture, from shamans blaming illnesses on evil spirits to “proto-scientific” systems of correspondence.[8] Any reference to supernatural forces is usually the result of romantic translations or poor understanding and will not be found in the Taoist-inspired classics of acupuncture such as the Huang Di Nei Jing. The system’s development has, over its history, been analyzed both skeptically and extensively, and the practice and development of it has waxed and waned over the centuries and cultures through which it has travelled[9] – yet the system has still survived thus far. It is true that the focus from the beginning has been on pragmatism, not necessarily understanding of the mechanisms of the actions – and that this has hindered its modern acceptance in the West. This, despite that there were times such as the early 18th century when “acupuncture and moxa were a matter of course in polite European society”[10]
The term “TCM” describes the modern practice of Chinese medicine as a result of sweeping reforms that took place after 1950 in the People’s Republic of China. The term “Classical Chinese medicine” (CCM) often refers to medical practices that rely on theories and methods dating from before the fall of the Qing Dynasty (1911). Advocates of CCM portray it as less influenced by Western and political agendas than TCM.